Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is increasingly prevalent among women in India, particularly in urban regions. This article examines its symptoms, the challenges associated with diagnosis, and how innovative tools such as the AMH+ test provide precise, non-invasive early detection—enabling women to take greater control of their reproductive health in a more effective and proactive manner.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has become one of the most common hormonal disorders impacting women of reproductive age. Recent research, including a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), estimates that PCOS affects between 7.2 percent and 19.6 percent of women in India, with a higher prevalence noted in urban areas.
This condition, marked by hormonal imbalances and metabolic complications, can result in various symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, acne, excessive hair growth, and infertility.
Firstpost interviewed Dr. Rishma Pai, an honorary consultant Gynaecologist at Lilavati, HN Reliance Hospital, and Hinduja Hospitals in Mumbai, to gain insights into the increasing burden of PCOS in India, the diagnostic challenges faced by women, and how innovative tools like the AMH+ test are revolutionizing early detection and management.
The Escalating Issue of PCOS in India
Dr. Rishma: Factors such as urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy eating habits, and rising stress levels have all played a role in the growing prevalence of PCOS in India. Alongside low awareness and stigma related to reproductive health, many women either overlook the symptoms or seek medical help too late. If left untreated, PCOS is not merely a reproductive concern; it can elevate the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and endometrial cancer.
The Diagnostic Challenge
Dr. Rishma: PCOS is typically diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria, which necessitate at least two of the following three characteristics: irregular or absent menstrual cycles, indications of elevated androgen levels (either clinically or through laboratory tests), and the presence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. However, this diagnostic process can be lengthy and inconsistent. Numerous women remain undiagnosed for extended periods, which delays treatment and exacerbates their overall health conditions.
Common Obstacles Encountered by Women
Delayed or missed diagnoses due to insufficient awareness
Discomfort with transvaginal ultrasounds, particularly among unmarried women
Mismanagement of symptoms is frequently addressed in isolation, such as focusing solely on acne or solely on irregular menstrual cycles.
The impact on mental health due to chronic stress, challenges with infertility, and issues related to body image.
Diagnostic Tests Available for PCOS in India
When discussing this condition, it is important to note that a variety of diagnostic tests are accessible in India. These tests include:
Ultrasound Scan (Pelvic or Transvaginal Ultrasound)
This scan is utilized to identify the presence of multiple small follicles on the ovaries, which is what gives the condition its name.
It is typically performed on Day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle.
However, it may not be preferred or suitable for all women, particularly those who are unmarried.
Hormone Blood Tests
These tests assess the levels of testosterone, LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone), and prolactin.
Elevated levels of androgens or a high LH:FSH ratio may suggest a hormonal imbalance characteristic of PCOS.
Glucose and Insulin Resistance Tests
These tests include fasting glucose, insulin levels, and HbA1c to evaluate insulin resistance or prediabetes. Insulin resistance is a prevalent yet often overlooked factor contributing to PCOS.
AMH+ Test (Anti-Müllerian Hormone)
This is a straightforward blood test that measures AMH levels to assess ovarian reserve and function. Elevated AMH levels are linked to PCOS, as they indicate an increased number of antral follicles. Consequently, the AMH+ test serves as a crucial marker for identifying PCOS. Although various AMH tests are available in India from different manufacturers, the AMH+ test developed by Roche Diagnostics is the first DCGI-approved diagnostic tool for PCOM, assisting in the diagnosis of PCOS in India. It is also CE-marked in Europe, which enhances its global and regulatory credibility.
In contrast to conventional diagnostic methods such as transvaginal ultrasound, which require timing with the menstrual cycle and can be invasive, the AMH+ test can be performed on any day of the cycle, providing a more convenient, accessible, and non-invasive alternative. It stands as the most accurate and dependable test available for diagnosing PCOS.
Thyroid Function Assessments and Lipid Profile
Thyroid dysfunction and lipid irregularities are frequently linked with PCOS. These assessments are essential for evaluating wider metabolic effects and excluding other conditions that may resemble PCOS symptoms.
A prompt and precise diagnosis is the initial step in effectively managing PCOS. Utilizing advanced diagnostic tools such as the AMH+ test, along with clinical insights and lifestyle recommendations, women can actively manage their reproductive health.
